Doppler twinkling artifact: physical mechanisms and place in diagnostic practice. State of the art

The twinkling artifact has been known to specialists in ultrasound diagnostics since 1996. However, until now there is no understanding of the reasons for its appearance, and place application diagnostics. Material methods. Electronic databases (PubMed, E-library, Web Science) were searched studies using keyword – “twinkling artifact”. scientific publications on Doppler from moment first reports about existence systematized analyzed. authors' own developments this topic are presented. Modern views phenomenon described. An explanation physical mechanisms given. Results. Recommendations formulated practitioners changing settings an scanner order increase detectability. directions obtain additional diagnostic signs pathological changes, which currently include diagnosis nephro-, uretero- choledocholithiasis, determined. Conclusions. high efficiency use small kidney stones, comparable with capabilities computed tomography, shown.